The history of the most complete collection of carbon materials

First, what is the carbon material

Carbon materials are mainly non-metallic materials obtained by a series of processing processes, mainly made of organic matter such as coal, petroleum or their processed products, as the main raw material. The main component is carbon. Diamond, graphite, carbazole, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon / carbon composites are carbon materials.

Second, the origin of carbon --- "big bang" theory

Third, the history of the development of carbon materials

Fourth, the application of carbon materials

1, the machinery industry: bearings, sealing components, brake components;

2, the electronics industry: electrodes, radio shielding, electronic components;

3, the electrical industry: brush, collector, contacts, etc .;

4, aerospace: structural materials, insulation, ablation resistant materials;

5, nuclear energy industry: reflective materials, shielding materials;

6, metallurgical industry: electrodes, heating elements, crucible, mold, etc .;

7, the chemical industry: chemical equipment, filters, etc .;

8, sports equipment: clubs, racket, bicycles, etc .;

Fifth, the first generation of carbon materials (5 thousand -1 million years ago) - charcoal

Charcoal (charcoal) is a wood or wood raw materials through incomplete combustion, or in the air under the conditions of pyrolysis, the residual dark brown or black porous solid fuel. The use of the chemical properties of carbon, as fuel and reducing agent copper and iron.

CuO + C → Cu + CO2

Fe2O3 + C → Fe + CO2

Applications: fuel, steelmaking, ironmaking.

Future trends: China's charcoal industry in recent years, the rapid development of the charcoal industry in the domestic and international markets are very optimistic about the development situation.

Sixth, the second generation of carbon materials (nineteenth century)

1, sintered carbon material (artificial graphite)

(Electrode, brush, all kinds of machinery, chemical carbon, carbon for atomic reactor, etc.), the use of carbon, the use of carbon, physical properties (conductive, heat, corrosion resistance, friction, etc.) The

The main products: electrodes, brushes, all kinds of machinery, chemical industry, carbon, atomic reactor with carbon

Application areas: carbon brick, steel, aluminum and so on

2, carbon black

Carbon black (carbonblack, also known as carbon black), is an amorphous carbon. Light, loose and very fine black powder, the surface area is very large, ranging from 10-3000m2 / g, is carbonaceous substances (coal, natural gas, heavy oil, fuel oil, etc.) in the absence of air under the conditions of incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition The product of the product.

Application areas: ink raw materials, rubber industry, tires, plastics, cosmetics and so on

Seven, the third generation of carbon materials (after the Second World War)

1, diamond

Diamond commonly known as "diamond", that is, we often say that the original diamond, it is a kind of carbon by the mineral composition, is the carbon element of the allotrope. Diamond is the most hard material in nature.

Performance: high thermal conductivity, low coefficient of thermal expansion, low coefficient of friction, high hardness, high transparency in visible and infrared light, high refractive index, chemical and radioactive inert

Applications: jewelery, cutting tools, abrasives, thermal probes in unfavorable environments, radioactivity detectors, pressure sensors, fluorescent displays, optical windows, micro-mechanical components, and high-density, high-energy electronic components

2, linear carbon (carbene)

Linear carbon is a new element of elemental carbon, characterized by sp hybridization as a bond, linear structure. Studies have shown that linear carbon is present in high temperature and low density liquid carbon. In 1968, trace linear carbon was found in the graphite gneiss of the Ries crater in the former West Germany. Later, in the meteorites and cosmic dust found in this linear carbon molecules. The former Soviet scholar named it "Carbyne". Initially domestic introduction of this material was translated as "carbene".

Performance: high thermodynamic stability, high affinity for organisms and so on

Application areas: room temperature superconducting materials, surgical suture and animal hard tissue materials, contact lens frame, synthetic diamond

3, carbon fiber

Carbon fiber (carbonfiber, referred to as CF), is a carbon content of 95% or more high strength, high modulus fiber of the new fiber material, is made of flaky graphite microcrystals and other organic fibers along the fiber axial direction pile, Microcrystalline graphite material obtained by carbonization and graphitization treatment.

Performance: Compared with titanium, steel, aluminum and other metal materials, carbon fiber with high strength, high modulus, low density, linear expansion coefficient is small

Applications: aerospace, aviation, automotive, electronics, machinery, chemicals, textile, sports equipment and leisure products

4, activated carbon fiber

Activated carbon fiber (ACF), also known as fibrous activated carbon, is superior to activated carbon active adsorbent materials and environmental engineering materials. Its more than 50% of the carbon atoms on the inner and outer surfaces, to build a unique adsorption structure, known as the surface of the solid. It is made of fibrous precursor, activated by a certain process of carbonization.

Performance: specific surface area, good adsorption performance

Application areas: environmental protection, energy storage materials, stealth materials, nuclear protection materials, catalyst carrier, physiological deodorant health care, anti-virus, blood purification, artificial liver and kidney, fruit storage preservation, deodorant dehumidification, high energy electrode and double capacitor

5, glass charcoal

Glassy Carbon (GlassyCarbon), also known as Polymeric Carbon (PolymericCarbon), it is by the high purity of the cross-linked structure of phenolic resin (or furan resin), the special high temperature pyrolysis obtained.

Performance: 3000 ℃ high temperature, low density, high permeability, high acid and alkali resistance and excellent biocompatibility

Application areas: laboratory analysis of containers, chemical analysis of electrodes, thermometer protection tube, battery electrode separator, semiconductor devices

6, diamond film

Diamond film, also known as DLC film, which is a nature similar to the diamond, with high hardness, high resistivity, good optical properties, but also has its own unique tribological properties of amorphous carbon film.

Performance: light transmission, luminosity, high hardness, wear, high film volume, optical switching

Applications: high temperature transistors, laser devices, insulation materials

7, graphite intercalation compounds (expandable graphite)

The graphite intercalation compound (GIC) is a compound of the formula XCy which forms a graphite intercalation compound (GICs) with a polar interpolator (acid, alkali, halogen) molecule or ion into the graphite layer and the carbon network plane, Also known as expandable graphite.

Performance: light, high conductivity, electrochemical, reactive and so on

Application areas: high conductive materials, battery active substances, catalysts and so on

8, gas-phase growth of carbon fiber

(873K ~ 1473K), the transition metal (Fe, Co, Ni) or its compounds as a catalyst, the low-carbon compounds (such as methane, acetylene), the use of chemical vaporization of carbon dioxide, , Benzene, etc.) cracking and the formation of micron-scale carbon fiber.

Performance: very fine, large surface area, hollow, good crystallinity

Application areas: reinforced materials, catalytic materials, conductive materials

9, mesophase pitch carbon fiber

Asphalt-based carbon fiber is based on fuel or synthetic asphalt raw materials as precursors, by modulation, fiber, firing treatment made of fibrous carbon material.

Performance: cheap raw materials, high carbon yield, easy to produce ultra-high model carbon fiber

Applications: Aerospace, aerospace and advanced sports equipment; Insulation materials in the field of civil industry, abrasive brake materials, corrosion resistant materials, conductive and shielding materials, acoustic materials; cement reinforced materials for building materials

10, silicon carbide crystal

As early as 1824, the Swedish scientist Berzelius (1779-1848) observed the presence of SiC in the process of synthetic diamonds, but because of the rare nature of the SIC single crystals, there was little understanding of the nature of the SIC. Until 1885, Acheson first grown SiC crystal, people began to SIC characteristics, material preparation methods and application prospects and many other aspects of the in-depth study.

Performance: chemical stability, high thermal conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient is small, good wear resistance

Applications: abrasive, advanced refractory, deoxidizer, electric components silicon carbide rods, semiconductors, silicon carbide powder coating for turbine blades or inner walls of cylinder blocks

11, carbon / carbon composite materials

Carbon-carbon composite material (c-c composite or carbon-carboncomposite material) is carbon fiber and its fabric reinforced carbon matrix composite material.

Performance: low density (<2.0g / cm3), high strength, high specific modulus, high thermal conductivity, low coefficient of expansion, good friction performance, and good thermal shock resistance, high dimensional stability

Applications: Rocket engine nozzle and its throat lining, the shuttle's end cap and the wing front of the thermal protection system, the aircraft brake disc, etc.

Eight, the fourth generation of carbon materials - new carbon materials

1, fullerene

Fullerene is a carbon allotrope. Any substance that consists of carbon and is present in a spherical, oval, or tubular structure can be called fullerene. Fullerene is similar to graphite, but there are only six rings in the structure of graphite, and there may be five rings in fullerene.

Performance: linear and non-linear optical properties, alkali metal fullerene superconductivity and so on

Applications: Nonlinear optics, photoconductors, superconducting materials, skin care products, organic solar cells, catalysts, anticancer drugs, CVD diamond films, high strength carbon fibers, high energy bombardment particles

2, carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes, also known as the Pakistani tube, are a one-dimensional quantum material with a special structure (radial dimensions in the order of nanometers, axial dimensions in the order of microns, and both ends of the tube are substantially sealed). Carbon nanotubes are mainly composed of hexagonal carbon atoms constitute several layers to dozens of layers of coaxial tube. Between the layer and the layer to maintain a fixed distance, about 0.34nm, diameter is generally 2-20 nm.

Performance: high conductivity, high thermal conductivity, high elastic modulus, high tensile strength

Applications: nanocomposites, new energy, sensors, supercapacitors, field emission tubes

3, graphene graphene (Graphene) is a carbon atom composed of a single layer of sheet structure of the new material, is a carbon atom to sp2 hybrid orbit composed of hexagonal honeycomb lattice plane film, only one Carbon dioxide thickness of the two-dimensional material.

Performance: Unusual electrical conductivity, extremely low resistivity Very low and extremely fast electron migration speed, several times higher than steel strength and excellent light transmission

Applications: optoelectronic display, semiconductor, touch screen, electronic devices, energy storage batteries, monitors, sensors, aerospace, military, composite materials, biomedical and other fields

4, carbon nano onions

Carbon nano-onion refers to the size of nano-scale, that is one billionth of a meter of diamond, is the use of explosive technology in recent years, the synthesis of new materials, it not only has the inherent characteristics of diamond, but also has a small size effect, large surface area effect, Quantum size effects, etc., thus showing the characteristics of nano-materials

Performance: high hardness

Applications: nano-diamond and metal composite coating, nano-diamond polishing solution, nano-diamond-polymer composite, lubricating oil, sintered body, magnetic recording system, medicine

5, carbon coated nano-metal particles

Carbon-coated nano-metal particles (CEMNP), also known as carbon-coated nano-metal crystal, is a new type of carbon / metal nanocomposites, in which several layers of graphite sheet closely around the nano-metal particles arranged in order to form a kind of onion structure, Nano-metal particles are at the core of the onion.

Performance: to avoid the impact of the environment on the nano-metal materials; can improve the compatibility between certain metals and organisms

Applications: magnetic recording materials, lithium ion secondary battery anode materials, radio shielding materials, redox catalyst, nuclear waste treatment materials, fine ceramic materials and antibacterial materials.

6, carbon air gel

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In 2013, scientists at Zhejiang University developed a lightweight material, which is called "all carbon airgel" solid material density of only 0.16 milligrams per cubic centimeter, is one-sixth of the air density, but also So far the lightest material in the world.

Performance: high elasticity, strong adsorption

Application areas: desalination, phase change energy storage insulation materials, catalytic carriers, sound-absorbing materials and high-performance composite materials